Biomarkers: every measure with a risk of death curve
146 biomarkers have a curve from published studies, and 102 are catalogued without one yet. 57 also have our own fit in NHANES. For 34 of the 40 we could check, we found the same pattern (evidence).
Search all biomarkers
| Biomarker | Category | Shape | NHANES HR per SD | In NHANES | Interventions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) | Oxidative Stress | No | |||
| 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) | Oxidative Stress | No | |||
| 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | Oxidative Stress | No | 3 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Calcification (AAC) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Absolute Lymphocyte Count | Hematology | Both ends worse | 0.96 | Yes | 2 |
| Absolute Neutrophil Count | Hematology | Lower better | 1.24 | Yes | 1 |
| Adiponectin | Vitamins & Endocrine | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | 0.90 | Yes | 8 |
| Albumin-Adjusted Anion Gap | Electrolytes & Minerals | Lower better | No | ||
| Albumin:Globulin Ratio (A/G) | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | 0.76 | Yes | |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | 1.25 | Yes | 7 |
| Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin (AACT) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (AAT) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Alpha-1-Microglobulin | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Alpha-Klotho | Aging & Senescence | Both ends worse | No | 2 | |
| Angiopoietin-2 | Coagulation | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Both ends worse | No | 1 | |
| Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) | Inflammation | Not clear | No | ||
| Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Both ends worse | No | 5 | |
| Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | 0.95 | Yes | 11 |
| Apolipoprotein B to A1 Ratio (ApoB/ApoA1) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Appendicular Lean Mass / Sarcopenia Index | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | 2 | |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | Liver & Nutritional | Not clear | 1.06 | Yes | 8 |
| Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | Anthropometric | Both ends worse | No | 2 | |
| Basophil Count | Hematology | No | |||
| Beta-2 Microglobulin | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Beta-Trace Protein (BTP) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Blood Lead | Electrolytes & Minerals | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | 1.18 | Yes | 4 |
| Body Fat Percentage | Anthropometric | Both ends worse | No | 8 | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Anthropometric | Both ends worse | 1.03 | Yes | 9 |
| Body Weight | Anthropometric | Both ends worse | 1.03 | Yes | 10 |
| Bone Mineral Density T-score (DXA) | Bone & Mineral | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (Heel) | Bone & Mineral | Higher better | No | 8 | |
| C-Terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX) | Bone & Mineral | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| C-peptide | Vitamins & Endocrine | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| CD4:CD8 T-Cell Ratio | Inflammation | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| CD8+ T-Cell Count | Inflammation | Both ends worse | No | ||
| Calf Circumference | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| Cardiac (Valvular/Annular) Calcification | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Cardiorespiratory Fitness (VO2 Max) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 8 | |
| Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 9 | |
| Chronotropic Index | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Coagulation Factor VIII | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Coagulation Factor VIIc | Coagulation | Lower better | No | 4 | |
| Copeptin | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 7 | |
| Coronary Artery Calcium Score (Agatston) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Corrected QT Interval (QTc) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Both ends worse | No | 9 | |
| D-dimer | Coagulation | No | 1 | ||
| DNA Methylation Age Acceleration (PhenoAge/GrimAge) | Aging & Senescence | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Daily Movement (Wrist Accelerometer, MIMS) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | 0.55 | Yes | |
| Daily Step Count | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| De Ritis Ratio (AST/ALT) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | 1.24 | Yes | 1 |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Both ends worse | No | 2 | |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Both ends worse | 0.96 | Yes | 8 |
| Eosinophil Count | Hematology | Lower better | 1.04 | Yes | 3 |
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 7 | |
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) | Renal & Purine | Higher better | 0.76 | Yes | 9 |
| Estradiol (17beta-Estradiol) | Endocrine | Lower better | No | ||
| Estradiol-to-SHBG Ratio | Vitamins & Endocrine | No | 2 | ||
| Exercise Capacity (METs) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| Extracoronary Calcification Site Count | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | No | |||
| FEV1/FEV6 Ratio | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| FIB-4 Index (NAFLD Fibrosis Score) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose | Glycemic & Metabolic | Both ends worse | 1.18 | Yes | 12 |
| Fasting Serum Insulin | Glycemic & Metabolic | Not clear | 1.06 | Yes | 5 |
| Fat Mass | Anthropometric | Both ends worse | No | 8 | |
| Fat-Free Mass | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Fibrinogen | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Endocrine | No | 3 | ||
| Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 3 | |
| Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 5 | |
| Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | 2 | |
| Gait Speed | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Galectin-3 | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | 1.26 | Yes | 7 |
| Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) | Glycemic & Metabolic | Both ends worse | 1.18 | Yes | 12 |
| Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Endocrine | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| HDL Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Both ends worse | 0.95 | Yes | 9 |
| Heart Rate Recovery (1 min) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Heart Rate Variability (SDNN) | Autonomic | Higher better | No | ||
| Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (H-FABP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Hematocrit | Hematology | No | 4 | ||
| Hemoglobin Concentration | Hematology | Both ends worse | 0.80 | Yes | 8 |
| High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) | Inflammation | Lower better | 1.30 | Yes | 11 |
| High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I (hs-cTnI) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 5 | |
| High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 4 | |
| Hip Circumference | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) | Glycemic & Metabolic | Lower better | 1.11 | Yes | 10 |
| Homoarginine | Cardiometabolic | Higher better | No | 2 | |
| Homocysteine | Metabolic | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Immature Reticulocyte Fraction | Hematology | No | |||
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | Inflammation | Not clear | No | 1 | |
| Immunoglobulin M (IgM) | Inflammation | Not clear | No | 1 | |
| Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Both ends worse | No | 4 | |
| Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Interleukin-10 (IL-10) | Inflammation | No | 1 | ||
| Interleukin-18 (IL-18) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 4 | |
| Interleukin-8 (IL-8) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Interventricular Septum Thickness | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 4 | |
| Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| LDL Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Both ends worse | 0.89 | Yes | 11 |
| Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Grade | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Leukocyte Telomere Length | Aging & Senescence | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | No | 12 | |
| Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Lymphocyte Percentage | Hematology | Higher better | 0.82 | Yes | |
| Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) | Inflammation | Higher better | No | ||
| Malondialdehyde (MDA) | Oxidative Stress | No | 1 | ||
| Maximal Grip Strength | Functional Fitness | Higher better | 0.47 | Yes | 7 |
| Mean Arterial Pressure | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Not clear | 1.01 | Yes | 4 |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) | Hematology | Both ends worse | 1.06 | Yes | 1 |
| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) | Hematology | Higher better | No | ||
| Mean Reticulocyte Volume | Hematology | No | |||
| Mean Sphered Cell Volume | Hematology | No | |||
| Metabolic Syndrome (Harmonized Definition) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Mid-Regional Pro-Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | 3 | |
| Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number | Aging & Senescence | Higher better | No | ||
| Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1 / CCL2) | Inflammation | Both ends worse | No | ||
| Monocyte Count | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Monocyte Percentage | Hematology | Lower better | 1.00 | Yes | |
| Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 8 | |
| Neopterin | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) | Neuro | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Neutrophil Percentage | Hematology | Lower better | 1.19 | Yes | |
| Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) | Inflammation | Lower better | 1.22 | Yes | 6 |
| Non-HDL Cholesterol | Cardiometabolic | Both ends worse | 0.93 | Yes | 6 |
| Orthostatic Blood Pressure Drop | Autonomic | Lower better | No | ||
| Osteocalcin | Bone & Mineral | Both ends worse | No | 3 | |
| Osteoprotegerin (OPG) | Bone & Mineral | Lower better | No | ||
| PR Interval | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Bone & Mineral | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Pericardial Fat Volume | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) | Oxidative Stress | Lower better | No | ||
| Plasma Viscosity | Coagulation | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) | Coagulation | No | 3 | ||
| Platelet Count | Hematology | Both ends worse | 0.99 | Yes | 3 |
| Platelet Distribution Width | Hematology | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Plateletcrit (PCT) | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Predicted Mass (UKB Impedance) | Anthropometric | No | |||
| Procalcitonin | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Proinsulin | Glycemic & Metabolic | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Prolactin | Endocrine | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Protein carbonyls | Oxidative Stress | No | 1 | ||
| Proteinuria (Dipstick) | Urine Biomarkers | Lower better | No | ||
| Pulse Pressure | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | 1.11 | Yes | 3 |
| QRS Duration | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| QRS-T Angle | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| QT Interval | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Both ends worse | No | 4 | |
| Red Blood Cell Count | Hematology | Both ends worse | 0.83 | Yes | 1 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) | Hematology | Lower better | 1.40 | Yes | 5 |
| Remnant Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Renal Artery Calcification | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Resting Heart Rate (RHR) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | 1.21 | Yes | 6 |
| Reticulocyte Count (Absolute) | Hematology | No | 1 | ||
| Reticulocyte Percentage | Hematology | No | 3 | ||
| Rheumatoid Factor | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| ST2 Soluble (sST2) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | 0.84 | Yes | 9 |
| Serum Albumin | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | 0.72 | Yes | 7 |
| Serum Bicarbonate | Electrolytes & Minerals | Higher better | No | 5 | |
| Serum Calcium | Electrolytes & Minerals | Both ends worse | 0.95 | Yes | 5 |
| Serum Chloride | Electrolytes & Minerals | Higher better | No | 5 | |
| Serum Citrate | Metabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Serum Cortisol | Vitamins & Endocrine | Not clear | No | 1 | |
| Serum Cotinine | Nutritional | Lower better | 1.41 | Yes | 2 |
| Serum Creatinine | Renal & Purine | Both ends worse | 1.25 | Yes | 9 |
| Serum Cystatin C | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | 5 | |
| Serum Ferritin | Inflammation | Lower better | 1.09 | Yes | 8 |
| Serum Folate | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | 5 | |
| Serum Iron | Hematology | Both ends worse | 0.88 | Yes | 1 |
| Serum Leptin | Endocrine | Not clear | No | 1 | |
| Serum Lutein + Zeaxanthin | Nutritional | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| Serum Lycopene | Nutritional | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| Serum Magnesium | Electrolytes & Minerals | Higher better | No | 3 | |
| Serum Phosphate | Electrolytes & Minerals | Lower better | 1.09 | Yes | 5 |
| Serum Potassium | Electrolytes & Minerals | Both ends worse | 1.11 | Yes | 5 |
| Serum Selenium | Electrolytes & Minerals | Higher better | No | ||
| Serum Sodium | Electrolytes & Minerals | Both ends worse | 0.91 | Yes | 4 |
| Serum Total Bilirubin | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | 0.92 | Yes | 5 |
| Serum Triglycerides | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | 1.06 | Yes | 11 |
| Serum Uric Acid | Renal & Purine | Both ends worse | 1.16 | Yes | 8 |
| Serum Vitamin A (Retinol) | Nutritional | Both ends worse | No | 3 | |
| Serum Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Nutritional | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Serum Zinc | Electrolytes & Minerals | Higher better | No | 4 | |
| Serum beta-Cryptoxanthin | Nutritional | Not clear | No | 2 | |
| Serum trans-Lycopene | Nutritional | Higher better | No | 2 | |
| Side-Step Test Score | Functional Fitness | No | |||
| Sit-Up Count (Timed) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Sitting Height (Rump-to-Crown) | Anthropometric | No | |||
| Skeletal Muscle Fat Infiltration | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Skinfold Thickness | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | 1 | |
| Soluble CD14 (sCD14) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 4 | |
| Soluble CD163 (sCD163) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 (sTNFR1) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Standing Height | Anthropometric | Higher better | 1.01 | Yes | 3 |
| Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Both ends worse | 1.08 | Yes | 10 |
| Testosterone-to-SHBG Ratio | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Thoracic Aorta Calcification (TAC) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Both ends worse | No | 1 | |
| Thyroxine (Total T4) | Endocrine | No | 1 | ||
| Total Body Water Mass | Anthropometric | No | 2 | ||
| Total Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Both ends worse | 0.91 | Yes | 8 |
| Total Plasma Thiols | Oxidative Stress | Higher better | No | 2 | |
| Total Protein | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | No | ||
| Total T-Cell Count | Inflammation | No | |||
| Total Testosterone | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | 2 | |
| Total thiol levels | Oxidative Stress | No | |||
| Transferrin Saturation | Hematology | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | 2 | |
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) | Inflammation | Not clear | No | 3 | |
| Urinary 8-oxoGuo | Oxidative Stress | No | 3 | ||
| Urinary Creatinine Concentration | Urine Biomarkers | No | 3 | ||
| Urinary F2-isoprostanes (8-iso-PGF2α) | Oxidative Stress | No | 2 | ||
| Urinary Flow Rate | Urine Biomarkers | Higher better | No | 3 | |
| Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (uACR) | Urine Biomarkers | Lower better | 1.40 | Yes | 8 |
| Urine Specific Gravity | Urine Biomarkers | No | 8 | ||
| Vertical Jump Height | Functional Fitness | No | 4 | ||
| Visceral Fat Mass | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | 3 | |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Both ends worse | No | 2 | |
| Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol) | Vitamins & Endocrine | No | 1 | ||
| Waist Circumference | Anthropometric | Lower better | 1.09 | Yes | 5 |
| Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) | Anthropometric | Lower better | 1.09 | Yes | 1 |
| Waist-to-Hip Ratio | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | 1 | |
| Waist-to-Thigh Ratio | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | Hematology | Lower better | 1.20 | Yes | 5 |
| YKL-40 (CHI3L1) | Inflammation | No | 1 | ||
| d-ROMs (reactive oxygen metabolites) | Oxidative Stress | No | |||
| d-ROMs / total thiol ratio | Oxidative Stress | No | |||
| von Willebrand Factor (vWF) | Coagulation | Lower better | No |
By body system
Physical capacities and tissue measures, grouped as on the retired capacities pages. Linked names have their own page.
Musculoskeletal
- Muscle mass · Appendicular lean mass (DXA)
- Muscle strength · Hand-grip strength
- Muscle power · Leg-extensor power / chair-rise time
- Muscle quality · Intramuscular fat / specific force
- Bone density · Areal BMD (hip, spine)
- Flexibility · Sit-and-reach / joint range of motion
- Trabecular bone quality · Trabecular bone score / HR-pQCT microarchitecture
Muscle and nerve physiology
- Type II fibre size · Type II muscle fibre cross-sectional area (biopsy)
- Type I fibre size · Type I muscle fibre cross-sectional area (biopsy)
- Motor unit number · Motor unit number estimate / firing rate
- Muscle cross-sectional area · Quadriceps anatomical cross-sectional area / muscle thickness
- Muscle oxidative capacity · 31P-MRS phosphocreatine recovery / mitochondrial respiration
- Capillary density · Capillaries per fibre / capillary density (biopsy)
- Voluntary activation · Central activation ratio / voluntary activation
- Rate of force development · Isometric rate of force development
- Tendon stiffness · Tendon stiffness / Young modulus
- Knee-extensor torque · Isometric/isokinetic knee-extensor torque
- Nerve conduction velocity · Motor/sensory nerve conduction velocity
Cardiorespiratory
- Aerobic capacity · VO2max
- Lung function · FEV1
- Arterial stiffness · Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity
- Heart-rate recovery · HR drop at 1 min post-exercise
- Forced vital capacity · FVC
- Diffusing capacity · DLCO
- Respiratory muscle strength · Maximal inspiratory pressure
- Lactate / ventilatory threshold · Lactate threshold, % of VO2max
Cardiac structure and function
- Left-ventricular ejection fraction · LVEF (echo / MRI)
- Global longitudinal strain · LV global longitudinal strain
- Left-ventricular mass · LV mass index
- Diastolic function · Mitral E/e ratio / e velocity
- Left-atrial volume · Indexed left-atrial volume
- Stroke volume and cardiac output · Stroke volume / cardiac index
- Maximal heart rate · Peak heart rate on exercise test
Vascular
- Flow-mediated dilation · Brachial artery FMD
- Reactive hyperaemia index · EndoPAT reactive hyperaemia index
- Carotid intima-media thickness · Common-carotid IMT
- Coronary artery calcium · Agatston score
- Ankle-brachial index · ABI
- Augmentation index · Central augmentation index / wave reflection
- Cerebral blood flow · Cerebral blood flow / cerebrovascular reactivity
Autonomic
- Vagal tone · HRV RMSSD / high-frequency power
- Baroreflex sensitivity · Baroreflex sensitivity
- Orthostatic tolerance · Orthostatic BP drop
Brain structure
- Hippocampal volume · Hippocampal volume (MRI)
- Brain volume · Whole-brain volume / atrophy rate
- White-matter hyperintensities · WMH volume
- Cortical thickness · Mean cortical thickness (MRI)
- Retinal nerve-fibre layer · RNFL thickness (OCT)
Sensory
- Visual acuity · Best-corrected acuity (logMAR)
- Contrast sensitivity · Pelli-Robson / log contrast sensitivity
- Hearing · Pure-tone average threshold
- Olfaction · Odor identification score (UPSIT / Sniffin' Sticks)
- Proprioception · Joint position sense error
- Vibration / touch · Vibration perception threshold
Cognitive
- Processing speed · Digit-symbol substitution / simple reaction time
- Working memory · Digit span / n-back
- Episodic memory · Word-list delayed recall
- Executive function · Trail Making B / Stroop
- Learning · Learning rate / motor skill acquisition
- Verbal fluency · Category fluency (animals, 60 s)
Emotional
- Emotional stability · Affect variability / neuroticism
- Stress reactivity · Cortisol / HR response to acute stressor
- Resilience · Resilience scale (CD-RISC, BRS)
- Depressive symptoms · PHQ-9 / CES-D
Motor performance
- Gait speed · Usual gait speed
- Balance · Single-leg stance / postural sway
- Fine motor control · Purdue pegboard / finger tapping
- Dual-task performance · Dual-task cost of gait
- Endurance · 6-minute walk distance
Sleep and recovery
- Sleep efficiency · Polysomnographic sleep efficiency / slow-wave sleep
Immune
- Vaccine response · Seroconversion / antibody titre
Metabolic
- Resting metabolic rate · Resting energy expenditure
- Thermoregulation · Sweat rate / core-temperature rise in heat
Body composition and tissue
- Visceral fat · Visceral adipose tissue (MRI/CT/DXA)
- Liver fat · Hepatic fat fraction (MRI-PDFF / MRS)
- Skin autofluorescence · Skin autofluorescence (AGE reader)
Submit a curve
Know a published study linking a biomarker to risk of death that we are missing, or a better one? Send it and we will review it for the catalogue.