Biomarkers · Glycemic & Metabolic

Proinsulin

Lower values go with lower risk of death. No risk curve catalogued yet.

Published risk of death1.21×per increase in interquartile range of fasting proinsulin (age- and sex-adjusted) (95% CI 1.04–1.42) · Hoorn Study population-based cohort, Netherlands: 277 normal glucose metabolism, 208 impaired glucose metabolism, 119 newly detected type 2 diabetes

What studies found when this marker was changed

They describe what happened in those study groups, not a recommendation. See all catalogued interventions.

Measured changes in Proinsulin, study by study

1 effect with a numeric size, each from one study arm: the dot is the reported change, the line its 95% interval where one was given. Green points move the marker the way lower risk of death lies; amber the other way. Study results in the groups studied, not predictions for a person.

Each row is one study: what was changed, the effect it reported on this marker, and the source.
Type	Intervention	Reported effect	Evidence	Source
pharmacologic	Alogliptin and metformin vs placebo for 4 weeks: Efficacy and Safety of Alogliptin Combined With Metformin in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin (Week 4).: -4.5 pmol/L (95% CI -10.5 to 1.4) vs placebo at 4 weeks (posted between-group difference, n=527)	RCT	Takeda. Efficacy and Safety of Alogliptin Combined With Metformin in…

What else moves this marker

They describe those study groups, not an individual, and an association is not a cause.

Genetic predisposition

Each row is one study: what it compared and the change it reported in this marker.
What	Effect on the marker	Comparison · population	Source
↑ GRB14 waist-to-hip-ratio-increasing allele · fasting proinsulin per WHR-increasing allele, independent of BMI and WHR	+0.069 SD per allele per allele	per WHR-increasing allele · Six European population-based studies	gwas · PMID 23827965
↑ TCF7L2 rs7903146 T allele · fasting proinsulin per T allele (impaired proinsulin conversion)	+0.4 pmol/L per T allele per allele (95% CI 0.23 to 0.57)	T allele vs C allele · 19 studies, predominantly European-ancestry subjects	meta analysis · PMID 25934528

Sources

Alssema et al. Proinsulin concentration is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: an 11-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Diabetes care. 2005;28:860-5.