Biomarkers · Cardiac & Hemodynamics
Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS)
Lower values go with lower risk of death. Not measured in our NHANES panel. The curve is drawn from the published study (source below).
GLS and risk of death
Published curve higher than the NHANES fitNHANES fit higher
Risk of death relative to the curve's reference value, drawn from the published study (source below).
What studies found when this marker was changed
They describe what happened in those study groups, not a recommendation. See all catalogued interventions.
Measured changes in GLS, study by study
3 effects with a numeric size, each from one study arm: the dot is the reported change, the line its 95% interval where one was given. Green points move the marker the way lower risk of death lies; amber the other way. Study results in the groups studied, not predictions for a person.
| Type | Intervention | Reported effect | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pharmacologic | Sacubitril/valsartan titrated to 97/103 mg twice daily started with anthracycline chemotherapy and continued 18 months in women with early breast cancer | GLS stable with sacubitril/valsartan (-0.3) but worsened 0.5 points with placebo; between-group difference -0.9 (95% CI -1.5 to -0.2) at 18 months | RCT | Omland T, Heck SL, Holte E, et al. Sacubitril/Valsartan and Prevention of… |
| pharmacologic | Pharmaceutical oral cannabidiol titrated to 10 mg/kg twice daily for 12 weeks within 10 days of CMR-confirmed acute myocarditis (ARCHER) | No effect on CMR GLS at 12 weeks: -16.0% vs -15.9%, difference -0.1 (CI -1.2 to 1.1, P = .90); LV mass reduced 9.2 g | RCT | McNamara DM, Cooper LT, Friedrich MG, et al. Impact of cannabidiol on… |
Things that worsen it
| Type | Condition or exposure | Reported effect | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pharmacologic | Self-administered anabolic-androgenic steroid use by male resistance-trained athletes, compared with non-using resistance-trained athletes | GLS 3.34 points less negative (95% CI 2.93-3.76) in AAS users; LVEF -2.25%, LV mass +13.29 g | meta-analysis | Cavalcante DN, Romariz L, Neto A, et al. Anabolic-androgenic steroids on… |
What else moves this marker
They describe those study groups, not an individual, and an association is not a cause.
Diseases and conditions
| What | Effect on the marker | Comparison · population | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ↑ Acromegaly · acromegaly patients with preserved LVEF vs healthy controls | +1.6 % | acromegaly (-17.5%) vs healthy controls (-19.1%) · 7 echocardiographic studies; 288 acromegaly patients, 294 healthy individuals | meta analysis · PMID 39242463 |
| ↑ Hypertension with concentric LV hypertrophy · hypertensive patients with concentric LVH vs normotensive controls | SMD +1.37 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.79) | concentric LVH hypertensives vs normotensive controls · 8 studies; 267 normotensive controls, 712 hypertensives (205 concentric LVH) | meta analysis · PMID 34128494 |
| ↑ Hypertension with eccentric LV hypertrophy · hypertensive patients with eccentric LVH vs normotensive controls | SMD +1.14 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.59) | eccentric LVH hypertensives vs normotensive controls · 8 studies; 267 normotensive controls, 176 hypertensives with eccentric LVH | meta analysis · PMID 34128494 |
| ↑ Obesity · obese vs non-obese individuals without overt systolic dysfunction | SMD -0.86 (95% CI -1.02 to -0.69) | obese vs non-obese · 24 speckle-tracking studies; 5792 obese and 5518 non-obese individuals | meta analysis · PMID 38780168 |
| ↑ Systemic hypertension · mostly uncomplicated hypertensive patients vs normotensive controls | SMD +1.07 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.36) | hypertensive patients vs normotensive controls · 2D speckle-tracking studies; 2089 normotensive controls, 2187 hypertensive patients | meta analysis · PMID 34054054 |
Sources
- Risk curve: Al Saikhan 2019 (PMID 31413582): all-cause HR 1.07 (1.03-1.11) pooled minimally adjusted HR per unit strain (%) of GLS (worse strain). Scaled to published population values.
- Al Saikhan et al. Prognostic implications of left ventricular strain by speckle-tracking echocardiography in the general population: a meta-analysis. Vascular health and risk management. 2019;15:229-251.
Map Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) against another biomarker.
Related markers: Abdominal Aortic Calcification (AAC) · Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) · Cardiac (Valvular/Annular) Calcification · Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) · Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) · Copeptin · Coronary Artery Calcium Score (Agatston) · Corrected QT Interval (QTc)